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E1 How our deadliest parasite turned to the dark side
Around 10,000 years ago, somewhere in Africa, a microscopic parasite made a huge leap. With a little help from a mosquito, it left its animal host - probably a gorilla - and found its way to a new host: us.
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E2 Primates vs Snakes (An Evolutionary Arms Race)
The Snake Detection Hypothesis proposes that the ability to quickly spot and avoid snakes is deeply embedded in primates, including us - an evolutionary consequence of the danger snakes have posed to us over millions of years.
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E3 How the Rise of Social Insects Shrunk These Dinosaurs
We often think of dinosaurs as either preying on other dinos or mammals, or as plant-eaters -- but in ecosystems today, those aren’t the only two options. So why would we expect dinosaurs to have only been carnivores or herbivores, with the occasional omnivore thrown in the mix?
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E4 How Vertebrates Got Teeth... And Lost Them Again
As revolutionary as teeth were, they would go on to disappear in some groups of vertebrates. But why?
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E5 How Horses Went From Food To Friends
Do our modern horses descend from just one domesticated population, or did it happen many times, in many places? Answering these questions has been tricky, as we’ve needed to bring together evidence from art, archaeology, and ancient DNA…Because, as it turns out, the history of humans and horses has been a pretty wild ride.
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E6 Why We Only Have Ten Toes (It's a Long Story)
Today, all mammals from humans to bats have five fingers or fewer. Yes, even whales, whose finger bones are hidden in their fins. Birds have four or fewer and amphibians get the best of both worlds, often having four digits on their “hands” and five on their “feet.” But no species of vertebrates have more than five digits, let alone eight!
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E7 Sharks nearly went extinct 19 million years ago #shorts
There used to be SO MANY sharks...where did they go?
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E8 Dire wolves aren’t wolves at all #shorts
Dire wolves aren’t actually wolves but what they are might be even cooler.
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E9 Could humans survive if they traveled back in time 3 billion years? #shorts
Could humans survive during the Precambrian?
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E10 Some trees are more closely related to broccoli than to other trees #shorts
Don’t be fooled by convergent evolution.
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E11 Human knees are the worst and we have evolution to thank for that #shorts
Why do human knees suck?
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E12 A crater in Turkmenistan has been on fire for about 50 years #shorts
And it’s been reported that one of the geologists started it on purpose?
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E13 When a Giant Pterosaur Ruled the European Islands
The ecological niche of apex predators was empty on Hateg Island, waiting to be occupied by something large, mobile, and powerful enough to fill it.
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E14 Only one human has been excavated from the La Brea Tar Pits #shorts
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E15 Could humans survive a giant space rock colliding with Earth 66 million years ago? #shorts
Would you have survived the K-Pg Impact?
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E16 The Sudden Rise of the First Colossal Animal
A truly enormous ichthyosaur around the size of a modern sperm whale, reached its size within just a few million years of taking to the water - a blink of an eye in evolutionary time.
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E17 The Tasmanian tiger is definitely extinct. So why do people keep report sightings of them? #shorts
Thylacines are definitely extinct!
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E18 The Extreme Hyenas That Didn't Last
Hyenas weren’t always able to eat bones. In fact, only a few million years ago, they lived very different lives.
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E19 Who forged one of the most famous fake fossils of all time? #shorts
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E20 After this bird went extinct the first time, evolution just hit replay #shorts
The bird that evolved twice!
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E21 Someone lost the only fossil from what might’ve been the biggest dinosaur ever #shorts
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E22 Would you have survived the biggest mass extinction of all time? #shorts
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E23 An ancient insect trapped in amber has a parasitic mushroom erupting out of it? #shorts
I will pass on the parasitic mind-controlling mushroom, thanks
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E24 How the Smallest Animal Got So Simple
We tend to think that evolution only goes in one direction— toward getting bigger and more advanced. But that’s not always the case. This tiny, simple animal, the Myxozoans, (yes, animal!) evolved from something bigger and more complex.
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E25 We know a lot about dinosaurs but...what was the first dinosaur? #shorts
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E26 Why Sour May Be The Oldest Taste
While sour taste's original purpose was to warn vertebrates of danger, in a few animal groups, including us, its role has reversed. The taste of danger became something it was dangerous for us to avoid.
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E27 The Ancient Human Species With A Missing Body
Only a handful of Denisovan fossils have been identified. In the absence of actual body fossils, it’s impossible for us to reconstruct their morphology, right?
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E28 Are there dinosaur fossils in space? #shorts
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E29 Why don’t rabbits get really, really big? #shorts
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E30 An extinct human species was discovered deep within a cave system #shorts
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E31 When Ants Domesticated Fungi
While we’ve been farming for around 10,000 to 12,000 years, the ancestors of ants have been doing it for around 60 million years. So when, and how, and why did ants start … farming?
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E32 The Curious Case of the Cave Lion
A mysterious, large feline roamed Eurasia during the last ice age. Its fossils have been found across the continent, and it’s been the subject of ancient artwork. So what exactly were these big cats?
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E33 Is This The Oldest Dad In The Fossil Record?
Fossil evidence suggests Diictodon used burrows to breed, and that a parent stayed behind to feed and protect their young. And the parent that stayed behind? It might’ve been the male.
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E34 Why did so many predators die at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry? #shorts
There’s something weird going on at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in what’s now Utah.
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E35 What is the most successful human species? #shorts
Does Homo erectus beat out Homo sapiens?
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E36 Sharks have antibacterial skin. Can we use that to save lives? #shorts
Sometimes modern problems require ancient, evolutionary solutions.
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E37 This Ice Age pup's last meal was a woolly rhino #shorts
What was this ancient pup’s last meal?
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E38 What came first, the sabertooth or the cat? #shorts
The newest oldest saber-toothed mammal
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E39 How To Build A Woolly Mammoth (But Should We?)
In the quest to understand how evolution basically built the woolly mammoth, we may have found the blueprints for building them ourselves.
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E40 Something Has Been Making This Mark For 500 Million Years
Paleodictyon, a hexagonal-patterned fossil, is a bit of a mystery. We don’t even know if it’s a trace fossil, or the organism itself. So… what could it be?
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E41 Giant Viruses Blur The Line Between Alive and Not
In 2003, microbiologists made a huge discovery. One that would force us to reconsider a lot of what we thought we knew about the evolution of microbial life: giant viruses.
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E42 This new giant bacterium is visible to the naked eye #shorts
Microbiology goes macro with a new giant bacterium!
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E43 Another Spinosaurus study, another opportunity to debate if Spinosaurus was aquatic #shorts
Spinosaurus had dense bones!
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E44 There were dinosaurs with basically no arms at all, just hands! #shorts
Guemesia: a new no-arm dino
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E45 When Giant Millipedes Reigned
This giant millipede was the largest known invertebrate to ever live on land. So how did it get so big??
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E46 How Plate Tectonics Transformed Los Angeles
Despite the profound changes we’ve made here in recent history, the epic saga of Los Angeles' natural history is still visible - and even striking - if you know where and how to look for it.
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E47 Why Does Caffeine Exist?
Today, billions of people around the world start their day with caffeine. But how and why did the ability to produce this molecule independently evolve in multiple, distantly-related lineages of flowering plants, again and again?
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E48 This was the biggest earthquake humans ever experienced #shorts
One of the biggest earthquakes humans ever experienced happened around 3800 years ago in what's now northern Chile.
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E49 Someone stole two of the most important documents in the history of science #shorts
We have no idea where they were all this time, or who stole and returned them and why.
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E50 You can thank evolution for flesh-eating bees #shorts
Flesh-eating bees exist!
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E51 This is one of the oldest art workshops ever discovered! #shorts
Archaeologists have discovered an ancient art workshop
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E52 Did An Ancient Pathogen Reshape Our Cells?
There is one - and only one - group of mammals that doesn’t have alpha-gal: the catarrhine primates, which are the monkeys of Africa and Asia, the apes, and us.
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E53 How Whale Evolution Kind Of Sucked
Mystacodon is the earliest known mysticete, the group that, today, we call the baleen whales. But if this was a baleen whale, where was its baleen? Where did baleen come from? And how did it live without it?
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E54 The Fungi That Turned Ants Into Zombies
This fungus was actually manipulating ants’ movements, forcing them to do something they’d never ordinarily do, something strange, yet specific…
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E55 Did you know that fossils can get sick? #shorts
Did you know that fossils can get sick? – Specifically with Pyrite Disease
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E56 A supervolcano in Idaho once caused a disaster 900 miles away. #shorts
Disaster in the great plains!
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E57 A bunch of very important fossils disappeared during WWII. #shorts
80 years ago, a bunch of fossils of ancient humans disappeared.
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E58 Did this animal poop cubes? Giant cubes? #shorts
Congrats! You just found a wombat burrow. And the cubes are its poop.
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E59 Are wisdom teeth a problem for us because of evolution? Or because of our development? #shorts
Wisdom teeth can be such a pain
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E60 Our extinct relative was an ancient leopard’s lunch. #shorts
Paranthropus got chomped by a leopard
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E61 When did we start wearing clothes? #shorts
We didn’t always wear clothes!
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E62 Did Megalodon go after whale faces specifically? #shorts
Ancient sperm whale heads belonged on every shark-cuterie board
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E63 Where Did Water Come From?
Mercury, Venus, and Mars are all super low on water – so where did ours come from and why do we have so much of it? We think our water came from a few unlikely sources: meteorites, space dust, and even the sun.
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E64 Our Ancient Relative That Said 'No Thanks' To Life On Land
Around the time that some of our fishapod relatives were crawling out of the water, others were turning around and diving right back in.
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E65 Imagine a cat's mouth fully covering up their saber teeth. #shorts
We might’ve been wrong about how this saber-toothed cat looked
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E66 Darwin correctly predicted an animal existed without ever seeing it. #shorts
Sometimes evolution is completely predictable.
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E67 Neandertals weren’t dumb cavemen. In lots of ways, they were just like us. #shorts
Shanidar 1 got by with a little help from his friends
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E68 Here are two ways to get a fossil species named after you. #shorts
Here are two ways to get a fossil species named after you.